Coal.
Coal starts off as peat.
After a considerable amount of time, heat, and burial pressure, it is metamorphosed from peat to lignite.
Lignite is considered to be "immature" coal at this stage of development because it is still somewhat light in color and it remains soft.
As time passes, lignite increases in maturity by becoming darker and harder and is then classified as sub-bituminous coal. As this process of burial and alteration continues, more chemical and physical changes occur and a the coal is classified as bituminous.
At this point the coal is dark and hard. Anthracite is the last of the classifications, and this terminology is used when the coal has reached ultimate maturation.
Anthracite coal is very hard and shiny.
The degree of alteration (or metamorphism) that occurs as a coal matures from peat to anthracite is referred to as the "rank" of the coal. Low-rank coals include lignite and sub-bituminous coals. These coals have a lower energy content because they have a low carbon content. They are lighter (earthier) and have higher moisture levels. As time, heat, and burial pressure all increase, the rank does as well. High-rank coals, including bituminous and anthracite coals, contain more carbon than lower-rank coals which results in a much higher energy content. They have a more vitreous (shiny) appearance and lower moisture content then lower-rank coals.
Coal Classification
The coal of India may be classified under two categories:
(i) Gondwana coal
(ii) Tertiary coal.
Gondwana Coal
-The Gondwana coal belongs to the carboniferous period (570 million years to 245 million years back).
-It is found in the Damodar , Mahanadi, Godavari, and Narmada valleys. Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Ramgarh, Giridih, Chandrapur, Karanpura, Tatapani, Talcher, Himgiri, Korba, Penchghati, Sarguja, Kamthi, Wardha Valley, Singreni (A.P.) and Singrauli are some of the important coal mines of the Gondwana formations.
-The Jharguda coal mine (Chhattisgarh) is the thickest coal seam 132 metres of the Gondwana Period, followed by the Kargali seam near Bokaro coalfield which is about 30 metres in thickness.
-- Over 98 per cent of the total coal reserves of India belong to the Gondwana Period. The Gondwana coal is mainly bituminous or anthracite in which the carbon content varies between 60 to 90 per cent.
-The bituminous coal is converted into coke before being used in the iron and steel industry..
The Tertiary:
-Tertiary coal is found in the rocks of the Oligocene period of the Tertiary Era. It is about 15 to 60 million years old.
-The Tertiary coal is also known as the 'brown coal'.
-The Tertiary coal contributes only about two per cent of the total coal production of the country.
-It is an inferior type of coal in which the carbon varies between 30 per cent in Gujarat and Rajasthan to 50 per cent in Assam. Lignite coal is found in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat (Kachchh) Kerala, ammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal (Darjeeling District).
--The largest lignite deposits of the country are at Neyveli in the state of Tamil NadU
Jharia Coal Mine.
- Jharia is in Dhanbad district in Jharkhand state, India.
- Jharia is famous for its rich coal resources, used to make coke.
- The coal field lies in the Damodar River Valley, and covers about 110 square miles (280 square km).
- Produces bituminous coal suitable for coke.
Bokaro Coal mine.
West Bokaro Coalfield is located in Hazaribagh and Ramgarh district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.
Ramgarh coal mine.
Ramgarh Coalfield are located in Ramgarh district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.
List of imp coal mines in Jharkhand.
-Jharia.
-Ramgarh
-Giridih
-Tatapani
Coal Mines of Madhya Pradesh.
- Penchghati
- Singrauli
Coal mines of Odisha
Talcher
Himgiri
Chandrapur Black Gold City of Maharashtra .
The top 3 Coal producing states are:
1. Orissa - Talcher in Angul district
2. Chhattisgarh
3. Jharkhand (Largest )
Nationalization of coal mines - 1973
India is the 3rd largest coal producing country in the world after China and USA.
Coal Producing companies.
Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL), Sanctoria, West Bengal
Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), Dhanbad, Jharkhand
Central Coalfields Limited (CCL), Ranchi, Jharkhand
South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), Bilaspur, Chattisgarh
Western Coalfields Limited (WCL), Nagpur, Maharashtra
Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL), Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh
Mahanadi Coalfields Limtied (MCL), Sambalpur, Orissa
Coal India Africana Limitada, Mozambique
The consultancy company is Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited (CMPDIL), Ranchi, Jharkhand.
Coal India Limited is a Maharatna Company.
Full list of Maharatna Companies.
1 Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
2 Coal India Limited
3 GAIL (India) Limited
4 Indian Oil Corporation Limited
5 NTPC Limited
6 Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited
7 Steel Authority of India Limited
Maharatna status, which raises a company's investment ceiling from Rs. 1,000 crore to Rs. 5,000 crore The Maharatna firms can decide on investments of up to 15 per cent of their net worth in a project; the Navaratna companies could invest up to Rs 1,000 crore without explicit government approval.
Coal starts off as peat.
After a considerable amount of time, heat, and burial pressure, it is metamorphosed from peat to lignite.
Lignite is considered to be "immature" coal at this stage of development because it is still somewhat light in color and it remains soft.
As time passes, lignite increases in maturity by becoming darker and harder and is then classified as sub-bituminous coal. As this process of burial and alteration continues, more chemical and physical changes occur and a the coal is classified as bituminous.
At this point the coal is dark and hard. Anthracite is the last of the classifications, and this terminology is used when the coal has reached ultimate maturation.
Anthracite coal is very hard and shiny.
The degree of alteration (or metamorphism) that occurs as a coal matures from peat to anthracite is referred to as the "rank" of the coal. Low-rank coals include lignite and sub-bituminous coals. These coals have a lower energy content because they have a low carbon content. They are lighter (earthier) and have higher moisture levels. As time, heat, and burial pressure all increase, the rank does as well. High-rank coals, including bituminous and anthracite coals, contain more carbon than lower-rank coals which results in a much higher energy content. They have a more vitreous (shiny) appearance and lower moisture content then lower-rank coals.
Coal Classification
The coal of India may be classified under two categories:
(i) Gondwana coal
(ii) Tertiary coal.
Gondwana Coal
-The Gondwana coal belongs to the carboniferous period (570 million years to 245 million years back).
-It is found in the Damodar , Mahanadi, Godavari, and Narmada valleys. Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Ramgarh, Giridih, Chandrapur, Karanpura, Tatapani, Talcher, Himgiri, Korba, Penchghati, Sarguja, Kamthi, Wardha Valley, Singreni (A.P.) and Singrauli are some of the important coal mines of the Gondwana formations.
-The Jharguda coal mine (Chhattisgarh) is the thickest coal seam 132 metres of the Gondwana Period, followed by the Kargali seam near Bokaro coalfield which is about 30 metres in thickness.
-- Over 98 per cent of the total coal reserves of India belong to the Gondwana Period. The Gondwana coal is mainly bituminous or anthracite in which the carbon content varies between 60 to 90 per cent.
-The bituminous coal is converted into coke before being used in the iron and steel industry..
The Tertiary:
-Tertiary coal is found in the rocks of the Oligocene period of the Tertiary Era. It is about 15 to 60 million years old.
-The Tertiary coal is also known as the 'brown coal'.
-The Tertiary coal contributes only about two per cent of the total coal production of the country.
-It is an inferior type of coal in which the carbon varies between 30 per cent in Gujarat and Rajasthan to 50 per cent in Assam. Lignite coal is found in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat (Kachchh) Kerala, ammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal (Darjeeling District).
--The largest lignite deposits of the country are at Neyveli in the state of Tamil NadU
Jharia Coal Mine.
- Jharia is in Dhanbad district in Jharkhand state, India.
- Jharia is famous for its rich coal resources, used to make coke.
- The coal field lies in the Damodar River Valley, and covers about 110 square miles (280 square km).
- Produces bituminous coal suitable for coke.
Bokaro Coal mine.
West Bokaro Coalfield is located in Hazaribagh and Ramgarh district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.
Ramgarh coal mine.
Ramgarh Coalfield are located in Ramgarh district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.
List of imp coal mines in Jharkhand.
-Jharia.
-Ramgarh
-Giridih
-Tatapani
Coal Mines of Madhya Pradesh.
- Penchghati
- Singrauli
Coal mines of Odisha
Talcher
Himgiri
Chandrapur Black Gold City of Maharashtra .
The top 3 Coal producing states are:
1. Orissa - Talcher in Angul district
2. Chhattisgarh
3. Jharkhand (Largest )
Nationalization of coal mines - 1973
India is the 3rd largest coal producing country in the world after China and USA.
Coal Producing companies.
Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL), Sanctoria, West Bengal
Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), Dhanbad, Jharkhand
Central Coalfields Limited (CCL), Ranchi, Jharkhand
South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), Bilaspur, Chattisgarh
Western Coalfields Limited (WCL), Nagpur, Maharashtra
Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL), Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh
Mahanadi Coalfields Limtied (MCL), Sambalpur, Orissa
Coal India Africana Limitada, Mozambique
The consultancy company is Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited (CMPDIL), Ranchi, Jharkhand.
Coal India Limited is a Maharatna Company.
Full list of Maharatna Companies.
1 Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
2 Coal India Limited
3 GAIL (India) Limited
4 Indian Oil Corporation Limited
5 NTPC Limited
6 Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited
7 Steel Authority of India Limited
Maharatna status, which raises a company's investment ceiling from Rs. 1,000 crore to Rs. 5,000 crore The Maharatna firms can decide on investments of up to 15 per cent of their net worth in a project; the Navaratna companies could invest up to Rs 1,000 crore without explicit government approval.
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