ISRO ACHIEVEMENTS (Sept 2015- till now ) - CDS-II 2016 And other competitive exams- Booster

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Satellite Name	Launch Vehicle	Site	Mission Type	Duration
GSAT -15	Arian 5ECA	Guiana Space Centre	COMMUNICATION	12 YEARS
IRNSS-1E	PSLV-C31	SDSC	NAVIGATION TYPE	12 YEARS
IRNSS-1F	PSLV-XL C32	SDSC	NAVIGATION TYPE	12 YEARS
IRNSS-1G	PSLV-XL C32	SDSC	NAVIGATION TYPE	12 YEARS
Cartosat-2C	PSLV-C34	SDSC	Earth Observation & Remote Sensing	05 YEARS
INSAT-3DR	GSLV MkII F05	SDSC	Weather Satellite	10 YEARS
SCATSAT-1       (Scatterometer Satellite-1)	PSLV-C35	SDSC	Weather Satellite	05 YEARS
GSAT-18	Ariane 5ECA	Guiana Space Centre	COMMUNICATION	15 YEARS

SATELLITES CATEGORY 

GSAT - Geosynchronous Satellites is a system developed by ISRO with an objective to make India self-reliant in broadcasting services.

IRNSS - Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System  with an operational name of NAVIC ("sailor").It will be used to provide accurate real-time positioning and timing services over India and the region extending to 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) around India. (Desi GPS)
CARTOSAT - Cartosat series of satellites are a type of earth observation satellites indigenously built by India. Up till now 5 Cartosat satellites have been launched by ISRO. The Cartosat series is a part of the Indian Remote Sensing Programme. They were specifically launched for Earth’s resource management and monitoring.

SCATSAT-1 -  (Scatterometer Satellite-1) is a miniature satellite to provide weather forecasting, cyclone prediction, and tracking services to India.

LAUNCH VEHICLES 
GLSV - Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle is a launch vehicle developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

PSLV - Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV, is an expendable launch system developed and operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

LAUNCHING SITES

SDSC - Satish Dhawan Space Centre or Sriharikota High Altitude Range is a rocket launch centre operated by Indian Space Research Organisation. It is located in Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh. 

Arianespace SA - It is a French multinational company founded in 1980 as the world's first commercial launch service provider. It undertakes the production, operation, and marketing of the Ariane programme. The main launch vehicles offered by the company are the Ariane 5, the Soyuz-2 as a medium-lift alternative, and the Vega as a lighter one.

                                                    

2. Scramjet Engine - TD

Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) for the first time successfully conducted the Scramjet (or Supersonic Combusting ramjet) engine test.

From - Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikotta in Andhra Pradesh 

Key facts 

-The scramjet engine was test launched on board of RH 560 sounding rocket.

-RH 560 sounding rocket is two stage Advanced Technology Vehicle (ATV). 

-The ATV along with the scramjet engines weighed 3,277 kg at lift-off.

- During the test, ATV was able to fly at Mach 6 (six times the speed of sound) speeds. 

-The scramjet uses hydrogen as fuel and oxygen from the atmospheric air as the oxidiser. 

During the test, Air Breathing Propulsion System (ABPS) using hydrogen as fuel and oxygen from the atmosphere air as the oxidiser was successfully tested. 

With this, India became only the fourth nation in the world to successfully flight-test a scramjet engine after United States, Russia and China. 

What is scramjet engine? 

-The scramjet engine works on the Air-breathing Propulsion System. 

-The system uses natural oxygen present in the atmosphere to burn the fuel stored in the rocket. 

-It reduces the amount of oxidiser to be carried along with the fuel, bringing down launch costs. Benefits This system would help in reducing the lift-off mass of the vehicle as there will be no need of carrying liquefied oxygen on board the vehicle. 

-In turn help in increasing the energy efficiency of the rocket and also make it cost-effective. Scramjet does not have rotating parts so the chances of failure are also measurably reduced. 

-Currently, ISRO uses rocket launch vehicles like the PSLV to deliver satellites into orbit. 

-But PSLVs are expendable i.e. it can only be used once.

Way forward 

-The new propulsion system would complement ISRO’s aim to develop a reusable launch vehicle that would have longer flight duration. 

-This system involving the recently tested scramjet engine, would become crucial while sending up the spacecraft.

 Special Note

-This was not India’s first venture into scramjet technology. DRDO is working with Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyenia to develop the second generation Brahmos cruise missile (dubbed the Brahmos-II) powered by a scramjet . 

-Brahmos-II is being designed to fly 300 odd kilometres at a speed of Mach 7. 

-The current generation Brahmos is propelled using a liquid-fuelled ramjet engine. 

-It makes it possible for the missile propel forward at up to Mach 3 speed, making it one of the fastest for a cruise missile in the world.

3. RLV - Technology Demonstration Programme.

It is a series of technology demonstration missions that has been conceived by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) as a first step towards realising a Two Stage To Orbit (TSTO) re-usable launch vehicle. 

RLV-TD was successfully flight tested on May 23, 2016 from SDSC SHAR Sriharikota validating the critical technologies such as autonomous navigation, guidance & control, reusable thermal protection system and re-entry mission management.

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